How to Use Tkinter for GUI Event-Driven Programming in Python

This blog will teach you how to use the Tkinter library to create graphical user interfaces and handle user events in Python. You will learn how to create and configure widgets, layout them using geometry managers, bind user events to widgets, and use common widgets in Tkinter. You will also create a simple calculator app using Tkinter as an example.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the Tkinter library to create graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and handle user events in Python. GUIs are applications that allow users to interact with a program using graphical elements such as buttons, menus, windows, etc. User events are actions that users perform on the GUI, such as clicking a button, typing a text, moving the mouse, etc.

Tkinter is a standard Python library that provides a simple and easy way to create and use GUIs. It is based on the Tk toolkit, which is a cross-platform GUI framework that works on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Tkinter provides various widgets, which are the basic components of a GUI, such as labels, buttons, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc. It also allows you to bind user events to widgets, which means you can specify what functions to execute when a certain event occurs on a widget.

By the end of this tutorial, you will be able to:

Create and configure widgets using Tkinter
Layout widgets using different geometry managers
Bind user events to widgets and define callback functions
Use common widgets in Tkinter, such as buttons, labels, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc.
Create a simple calculator app using Tkinter as an example

To follow this tutorial, you will need:

A basic understanding of Python programming
A Python 3.x interpreter installed on your system
A code editor or an IDE of your choice
An internet connection to download the Tkinter library (if not already installed)

Are you ready to create your own GUIs using Tkinter? Let’s get started!

2. What is Tkinter and Why Use It?

Tkinter is a standard Python library that provides a simple and easy way to create and use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in Python. GUIs are applications that allow users to interact with a program using graphical elements such as buttons, menus, windows, etc. User events are actions that users perform on the GUI, such as clicking a button, typing a text, moving the mouse, etc.

Tkinter is based on the Tk toolkit, which is a cross-platform GUI framework that works on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Tkinter provides various widgets, which are the basic components of a GUI, such as labels, buttons, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc. It also allows you to bind user events to widgets, which means you can specify what functions to execute when a certain event occurs on a widget.

Some of the benefits of using Tkinter are:

It is easy to install and use. You don’t need to download any external packages or libraries, as Tkinter comes with the standard Python installation.
It is compatible with most Python versions and platforms. You can use Tkinter with Python 2.x or 3.x, and run your GUI applications on Windows, Linux, or Mac OS without any major changes.
It is lightweight and fast. Tkinter does not consume much memory or CPU resources, and it can create responsive and smooth GUIs.
It is flexible and customizable. You can configure the appearance and behavior of your widgets, and create your own custom widgets if needed.
It has a large and active community. You can find many tutorials, examples, and resources online to help you learn and use Tkinter effectively.

So, if you want to create GUIs in Python, Tkinter is a great choice. It is simple, powerful, and versatile. In the next section, you will learn how to install and import Tkinter in your Python environment.

3. How to Install and Import Tkinter

Before you can start creating GUIs using Tkinter, you need to make sure that you have the Tkinter library installed on your system. Depending on your Python version and platform, you may already have Tkinter installed by default, or you may need to install it manually.

To check if you have Tkinter installed, you can open a Python shell and try to import the Tkinter module. If you are using Python 3.x, you can use the following command:

import tkinter

If you are using Python 2.x, you can use the following command:

import Tkinter

If you don’t get any error messages, then you have Tkinter installed and you can proceed to the next step. However, if you get an error message like ModuleNotFoundError or ImportError, then you need to install Tkinter manually.

To install Tkinter manually, you can follow the instructions for your specific platform from the official Python documentation: Installing the Python interface to Tk. You may need to download and install the Tk toolkit separately before installing the Tkinter module.

Once you have Tkinter installed, you can import it in your Python script and start creating GUIs. To import Tkinter, you can use the same commands as above, depending on your Python version. Alternatively, you can use the following command to import Tkinter under the name tk, which is a common convention:

import tkinter as tk

This will allow you to access the Tkinter module using the prefix tk, which will save you some typing and avoid name conflicts with other modules. For example, to create a Tkinter widget, you can use the syntax tk.WidgetName instead of tkinter.WidgetName.

Now that you know how to install and import Tkinter, you are ready to create your first GUI. In the next section, you will learn how to create and configure widgets using Tkinter.

4. How to Create and Configure Widgets

Widgets are the basic components of a GUI. They are the graphical elements that you see on the screen, such as buttons, labels, text boxes, etc. Widgets can have different attributes, such as size, color, font, text, image, etc. Widgets can also have different methods, such as pack, grid, place, configure, etc. These methods allow you to manipulate the widgets and change their appearance and behavior.

To create a widget using Tkinter, you need to follow these steps:

Create an instance of the widget class, passing the parent window as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. For example, to create a button widget, you can use the syntax tk.Button(parent, option=value, …).
Call the method of the widget that determines how it will be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the button widget using the pack method, you can use the syntax button.pack(option=value, …).

Here is an example of how to create a button widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a button widget
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", fg="red", bg="yellow")

# display the button widget using the pack method
button.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a button widget with the text “Click Me” and the foreground color red and the background color yellow. The button widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can create and configure different types of widgets using Tkinter, such as labels, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc. You can also change the attributes and methods of the widgets after they are created, using the configure method or the dot notation. For example, to change the text of the button widget, you can use the syntax button.configure(text=”New Text”) or button[“text”] = “New Text”.

In the next section, you will learn how to layout widgets using different geometry managers.

5. How to Layout Widgets Using Geometry Managers

Once you have created and configured your widgets, you need to decide how to arrange them on the screen. This is where geometry managers come in. Geometry managers are methods that control the size and position of the widgets in relation to their parent window or frame. Tkinter provides three geometry managers: pack, grid, and place.

The pack method places the widgets in a single row or column, depending on the options you specify. You can use the side option to specify which side of the parent window or frame the widget will be packed against, such as top, bottom, left, or right. You can also use the fill option to specify how the widget will fill the available space, such as x, y, or both. You can also use the expand option to specify whether the widget will expand to fill any extra space in the parent window or frame.

The grid method places the widgets in a two-dimensional grid, where each widget occupies one or more cells. You can use the row and column options to specify the row and column number of the widget, starting from zero. You can also use the rowspan and columnspan options to specify how many rows and columns the widget will span. You can also use the sticky option to specify how the widget will align within its cell, using the cardinal directions (n, s, e, w) or a combination of them.

The place method places the widgets at an absolute position in the parent window or frame, using the x and y coordinates. You can also use the width and height options to specify the size of the widget. You can also use the anchor option to specify which part of the widget will be placed at the given coordinates, using the same cardinal directions as the sticky option.

Here is an example of how to layout three widgets using the pack method:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create three widgets
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me")
entry = tk.Entry(root)

# display the widgets using the pack method
label.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.Y)
entry.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and three widgets: a label, a button, and an entry. The label widget will be packed at the top of the window and fill the horizontal space. The button widget will be packed at the left of the window and fill the vertical space. The entry widget will be packed at the right of the window and fill both the horizontal and vertical space. The entry widget will also expand to fill any extra space in the window.

In the next section, you will learn how to bind user events to widgets and define callback functions.

6. How to Bind User Events to Widgets

User events are actions that users perform on the GUI, such as clicking a button, typing a text, moving the mouse, etc. To make your GUI interactive and responsive, you need to bind user events to widgets and define callback functions that will execute when the events occur. Tkinter provides a simple and powerful way to do this using the bind method.

The bind method takes two arguments: an event and a function. The event is a string that specifies what kind of action will trigger the function, such as “” for left mouse button click, “” for any key press, “” for mouse movement, etc. You can find a list of all the possible events in the official Tkinter documentation: Events and Bindings. The function is a reference to a Python function that will be called when the event occurs. The function must take one argument, which is an event object that contains information about the event, such as the widget, the coordinates, the key code, etc.

Here is an example of how to bind a user event to a widget and define a callback function:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a label widget
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")

# display the label widget using the pack method
label.pack()

# define a callback function that will change the text of the label when the mouse enters it
def change_text(event):
    label["text"] = "You entered the label!"

# bind the  event (mouse cursor enters the widget) to the label widget and the callback function
label.bind("", change_text)

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a label widget with the text “Hello, Tkinter!”. The label widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method. The code will also define a callback function that will change the text of the label to “You entered the label!” when the mouse cursor enters the widget. The code will bind the event to the label widget and the callback function using the bind method.

You can bind multiple events to the same widget or the same event to multiple widgets. You can also use lambda expressions to pass additional arguments to the callback functions. You can also use the unbind method to remove the bindings if needed.

In the next section, you will learn how to use common widgets in Tkinter, such as buttons, labels, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc.

7. How to Use Common Widgets in Tkinter

In this section, you will learn how to use some of the most common widgets in Tkinter, such as buttons, labels, entries, text boxes, and list boxes. These widgets are useful for creating basic GUI elements, such as displaying text, getting user input, and showing options. You will also learn how to configure the attributes and methods of these widgets, such as text, color, font, image, command, etc.

Here is a brief overview of the common widgets in Tkinter:

Button: A widget that displays a clickable button that can execute a command when pressed. You can use the text, fg, bg, font, image, and command options to configure the button widget.
Label: A widget that displays a text or an image that cannot be edited by the user. You can use the text, fg, bg, font, image, and anchor options to configure the label widget.
Entry: A widget that displays a single-line text box that can accept user input. You can use the textvariable, fg, bg, font, show, and validate options to configure the entry widget.
Text: A widget that displays a multi-line text box that can accept user input. You can use the text, fg, bg, font, wrap, and state options to configure the text widget.
Listbox: A widget that displays a list of items that can be selected by the user. You can use the listvariable, fg, bg, font, selectmode, and activestyle options to configure the listbox widget.

Here is an example of how to create and use these common widgets in Tkinter:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a button widget
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", fg="red", bg="yellow", command=lambda: print("You clicked the button!"))

# create a label widget
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!", fg="blue", bg="white", font=("Arial", 20))

# create an entry widget
entry = tk.Entry(root, fg="black", bg="white", show="*")

# create a text widget
text = tk.Text(root, fg="black", bg="white", wrap=tk.WORD)

# create a listbox widget
listbox = tk.Listbox(root, fg="black", bg="white", selectmode=tk.MULTIPLE)
listbox.insert(1, "Python")
listbox.insert(2, "Java")
listbox.insert(3, "C++")
listbox.insert(4, "Ruby")

# display the widgets using the pack method
button.pack()
label.pack()
entry.pack()
text.pack()
listbox.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and five widgets: a button, a label, an entry, a text, and a listbox. The button widget will display a clickable button with the text “Click Me” and the foreground color red and the background color yellow. The button widget will also execute a lambda function that will print “You clicked the button!” to the console when the button is pressed. The label widget will display a text with the text “Hello, Tkinter!” and the foreground color blue and the background color white. The label widget will also use the Arial font with the size 20. The entry widget will display a single-line text box that will accept user input. The entry widget will also show asterisks instead of the actual characters. The text widget will display a multi-line text box that will accept user input. The text widget will also wrap the text at word boundaries. The listbox widget will display a list of four items: Python, Java, C++, and Ruby. The listbox widget will also allow the user to select multiple items at once. The widgets will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place them in a single column.

In the next section, you will learn how to create a simple calculator app using Tkinter as an example.

7.1. Buttons

A button is a widget that displays a clickable button that can execute a command when pressed. You can use the tk.Button class to create a button widget, passing the parent window or frame as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. Some of the most common options for the button widget are:

text: The text to display on the button.
fg: The foreground color of the text.
bg: The background color of the button.
font: The font of the text.
image: The image to display on the button instead of the text.
command: The function to execute when the button is pressed.

Here is an example of how to create a button widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a button widget
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", fg="red", bg="yellow", command=lambda: print("You clicked the button!"))

# display the button widget using the pack method
button.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a button widget with the text “Click Me” and the foreground color red and the background color yellow. The button widget will also execute a lambda function that will print “You clicked the button!” to the console when the button is pressed. The button widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can use the configure method or the dot notation to change the attributes and methods of the button widget after it is created. For example, to change the text of the button widget, you can use the syntax button.configure(text=”New Text”) or button[“text”] = “New Text”.

In the next subsection, you will learn how to use labels in Tkinter.

7.2. Labels

A label is a widget that displays a text or an image that cannot be edited by the user. You can use the tk.Label class to create a label widget, passing the parent window or frame as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. Some of the most common options for the label widget are:

text: The text to display on the label.
fg: The foreground color of the text.
bg: The background color of the label.
font: The font of the text.
image: The image to display on the label instead of the text.
anchor: The alignment of the text or image within the label, using the cardinal directions (n, s, e, w) or a combination of them.

Here is an example of how to create a label widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a label widget
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!", fg="blue", bg="white", font=("Arial", 20))

# display the label widget using the pack method
label.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a label widget with the text “Hello, Tkinter!” and the foreground color blue and the background color white. The label widget will also use the Arial font with the size 20. The label widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can use the configure method or the dot notation to change the attributes and methods of the label widget after it is created. For example, to change the text of the label widget, you can use the syntax label.configure(text=”New Text”) or label[“text”] = “New Text”.

In the next subsection, you will learn how to use entries in Tkinter.

7.3. Entries

An entry is a widget that displays a single-line text box that can accept user input. You can use the tk.Entry class to create an entry widget, passing the parent window or frame as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. Some of the most common options for the entry widget are:

textvariable: The variable that stores the text entered by the user.
fg: The foreground color of the text.
bg: The background color of the text box.
font: The font of the text.
show: The character to display instead of the actual text, such as “*” for passwords.
validate: The option to validate the user input, such as “focusout” for validating when the focus leaves the widget.

Here is an example of how to create an entry widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a string variable to store the user input
user_input = tk.StringVar()

# create an entry widget
entry = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=user_input, fg="black", bg="white", show="*")

# display the entry widget using the pack method
entry.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and an entry widget that will accept user input. The entry widget will use a string variable to store the text entered by the user. The entry widget will also show asterisks instead of the actual characters. The entry widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can use the get and set methods of the string variable to access and modify the user input. For example, to get the user input, you can use the syntax user_input.get(). To set the user input, you can use the syntax user_input.set(“New Text”).

You can also use the configure method or the dot notation to change the attributes and methods of the entry widget after it is created. For example, to change the foreground color of the entry widget, you can use the syntax entry.configure(fg=”red”) or entry[“fg”] = “red”.

In the next subsection, you will learn how to use text boxes in Tkinter.

7.4. Text

A text is a widget that displays a multi-line text box that can accept user input. You can use the tk.Text class to create a text widget, passing the parent window or frame as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. Some of the most common options for the text widget are:

text: The initial text to display on the text box.
fg: The foreground color of the text.
bg: The background color of the text box.
font: The font of the text.
wrap: The option to wrap the text at word or character boundaries, using tk.WORD or tk.CHAR.
state: The state of the text box, either tk.NORMAL (editable) or tk.DISABLED (read-only).

Here is an example of how to create a text widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a text widget
text = tk.Text(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!", fg="black", bg="white", wrap=tk.WORD)

# display the text widget using the pack method
text.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a text widget with the initial text “Hello, Tkinter!” and the foreground color black and the background color white. The text widget will also wrap the text at word boundaries. The text widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can use the get and insert methods of the text widget to access and modify the user input. For example, to get the user input, you can use the syntax text.get(“1.0”, tk.END), which will return the text from the first line and first character to the end of the text. To insert the user input, you can use the syntax text.insert(tk.END, “New Text”), which will insert the text at the end of the text box.

You can also use the configure method or the dot notation to change the attributes and methods of the text widget after it is created. For example, to change the state of the text widget, you can use the syntax text.configure(state=tk.DISABLED) or text[“state”] = tk.DISABLED.

In the next subsection, you will learn how to use list boxes in Tkinter.

7.5. Listbox

A listbox is a widget that displays a list of items that the user can select from. You can use the tk.Listbox class to create a listbox widget, passing the parent window or frame as the first argument and any other options as keyword arguments. Some of the most common options for the listbox widget are:

listvariable: The variable that stores the list of items to display on the listbox.
fg: The foreground color of the text.
bg: The background color of the listbox.
font: The font of the text.
selectmode: The mode of selection, either tk.SINGLE (only one item can be selected), tk.BROWSE (same as tk.SINGLE, but the selection can be moved using the mouse), tk.MULTIPLE (multiple items can be selected), or tk.EXTENDED (multiple items can be selected using the Shift and Control keys).
height: The number of items to display on the listbox.

Here is an example of how to create a listbox widget and display it on the screen:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# create a list variable to store the list of items
items = tk.StringVar(value=["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry"])

# create a listbox widget
listbox = tk.Listbox(root, listvariable=items, fg="black", bg="white", selectmode=tk.MULTIPLE, height=5)

# display the listbox widget using the pack method
listbox.pack()

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

This code will create a root window and a listbox widget that will display a list of five fruits. The listbox widget will use a list variable to store the list of items. The listbox widget will also allow multiple selection of items and show five items at a time. The listbox widget will be displayed on the screen using the pack method, which will place it in the center of the window. The main loop will keep the window open until you close it.

You can use the get and insert methods of the listbox widget to access and modify the list of items. For example, to get the list of items, you can use the syntax listbox.get(0, tk.END), which will return a tuple of all the items from the first index to the last index. To insert an item, you can use the syntax listbox.insert(tk.END, “New Item”), which will insert the item at the end of the listbox.

You can also use the configure method or the dot notation to change the attributes and methods of the listbox widget after it is created. For example, to change the foreground color of the listbox widget, you can use the syntax listbox.configure(fg=”red”) or listbox[“fg”] = “red”.

In the next section, you will learn how to create a simple calculator app using Tkinter.

8. How to Create a Simple Calculator App Using Tkinter

In this section, you will learn how to create a simple calculator app using Tkinter. The calculator app will allow you to perform basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, on two numbers. The app will have a user interface that consists of an entry widget to enter the numbers, four buttons to select the operation, a label widget to display the result, and a button to clear the input and output.

To create the calculator app, you will need to follow these steps:

Create a root window and give it a title and a size.
Create a string variable to store the user input and output.
Create an entry widget to display the user input and output, using the string variable as the textvariable option.
Create four buttons to select the operation, using the text option to display the symbols (+, -, x, /) and the command option to bind the buttons to functions that perform the calculations.
Create a label widget to display the result, using the textvariable option to display the string variable.
Create a button to clear the input and output, using the text option to display the word “Clear” and the command option to bind the button to a function that clears the string variable.
Layout the widgets using the grid method, specifying the row and column positions and the padding for each widget.
Define the functions that perform the calculations, using the try-except blocks to handle any errors, such as division by zero or invalid input.
Define the function that clears the input and output, using the set method of the string variable to assign an empty string.
Start the main loop to run the app.

Here is the code for the calculator app, with comments to explain each part:

# import tkinter as tk
import tkinter as tk

# create a root window
root = tk.Tk()

# give the window a title and a size
root.title("Calculator")
root.geometry("300x200")

# create a string variable to store the user input and output
user_input = tk.StringVar()

# create an entry widget to display the user input and output
entry = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=user_input, fg="black", bg="white", font=("Arial", 20), justify="right")

# create four buttons to select the operation
add_button = tk.Button(root, text="+", font=("Arial", 20), command=lambda: add())
sub_button = tk.Button(root, text="-", font=("Arial", 20), command=lambda: subtract())
mul_button = tk.Button(root, text="x", font=("Arial", 20), command=lambda: multiply())
div_button = tk.Button(root, text="/", font=("Arial", 20), command=lambda: divide())

# create a label widget to display the result
result = tk.Label(root, textvariable=user_input, fg="black", bg="white", font=("Arial", 20), anchor="e")

# create a button to clear the input and output
clear_button = tk.Button(root, text="Clear", font=("Arial", 20), command=lambda: clear())

# layout the widgets using the grid method
entry.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=4, padx=10, pady=10)
add_button.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
sub_button.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)
mul_button.grid(row=1, column=2, padx=10, pady=10)
div_button.grid(row=1, column=3, padx=10, pady=10)
result.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=4, padx=10, pady=10)
clear_button.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=4, padx=10, pady=10)

# define the functions that perform the calculations
def add():
    # try to get the two numbers from the user input
    try:
        # split the user input by the plus sign
        numbers = user_input.get().split("+")
        # convert the strings to floats and add them
        result = float(numbers[0]) + float(numbers[1])
        # display the result on the entry widget
        user_input.set(str(result))
    # if there is an error, display an error message
    except:
        user_input.set("Error")

def subtract():
    # try to get the two numbers from the user input
    try:
        # split the user input by the minus sign
        numbers = user_input.get().split("-")
        # convert the strings to floats and subtract them
        result = float(numbers[0]) - float(numbers[1])
        # display the result on the entry widget
        user_input.set(str(result))
    # if there is an error, display an error message
    except:
        user_input.set("Error")

def multiply():
    # try to get the two numbers from the user input
    try:
        # split the user input by the multiplication sign
        numbers = user_input.get().split("x")
        # convert the strings to floats and multiply them
        result = float(numbers[0]) * float(numbers[1])
        # display the result on the entry widget
        user_input.set(str(result))
    # if there is an error, display an error message
    except:
        user_input.set("Error")

def divide():
    # try to get the two numbers from the user input
    try:
        # split the user input by the division sign
        numbers = user_input.get().split("/")
        # convert the strings to floats and divide them
        result = float(numbers[0]) / float(numbers[1])
        # display the result on the entry widget
        user_input.set(str(result))
    # if there is an error, display an error message
    except:
        user_input.set("Error")

# define the function that clears the input and output
def clear():
    # set the user input to an empty string
    user_input.set("")

# start the main loop
root.mainloop()

Congratulations! You have created a simple calculator app using Tkinter. You can run the code and test the app by entering two numbers and selecting an operation. You can also clear the input and output by clicking the clear button.

In the next and final section, you will learn how to conclude your tutorial and provide some additional resources for the reader.

9. Conclusion

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the Tkinter library to create graphical user interfaces and handle user events in Python. You have learned how to:

Install and import Tkinter in your Python environment
Create and configure widgets using Tkinter
Layout widgets using different geometry managers
Bind user events to widgets and define callback functions
Use common widgets in Tkinter, such as buttons, labels, entries, text boxes, list boxes, etc.
Create a simple calculator app using Tkinter as an example

By following this tutorial, you have gained a solid foundation in Tkinter and GUI programming in Python. You can use this knowledge to create your own GUI applications and enhance them with more features and functionalities. You can also explore other Tkinter widgets and options that are not covered in this tutorial, such as menus, dialogs, canvases, images, etc.

If you want to learn more about Tkinter and GUI programming in Python, here are some additional resources that you may find useful:

The official Python documentation for Tkinter: This is the most comprehensive and authoritative source of information on Tkinter, with detailed descriptions of all the classes, methods, and options available.
TkDocs: This is a tutorial that covers the basics of Tkinter and also introduces some advanced topics, such as styles, themes, custom widgets, etc.
An Introduction to Tkinter: This is a book that provides a thorough introduction to Tkinter, with many examples and explanations.
Python GUI Programming with Tkinter: This is a video series that teaches you how to create GUI applications using Tkinter, with practical projects and exercises.

We hope you enjoyed this tutorial and learned something new and useful. Thank you for reading and happy coding!